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Original photograph
Researcher
Amir Gilan
Tel Aviv University scholar of Hittite texts and ancient Anatolia, studying religion, ritual, literature and historiography.
Smolarz Auditorium at Tel Aviv University, 30 June 2012. Context for the university associated with Amir Gilan; not his department’s building or his portrait
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Original photograph
Researcher
Jenny Strauss Clay
Professor emerita at the University of Virginia, specializing in early Greek poetry and its gods and human–divine relations.
The Rotunda and Lawn, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, 14 March 2011. Institutional context for Jenny Strauss Clay; a campus view, not her portrait
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Original photograph
Researcher
Adrian Kelly
Professor of Ancient Greek Literature at Oxford and Balliol, researching early poetry and the traditions shaping it.
Front quadrangle of Balliol College, Oxford, 21 January 2004. A view of the college associated with Adrian Kelly; it does not establish his position in that year or locate his office
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Original photograph
Researcher
Christian Zgoll
Scholar at Göttingen working on ancient languages and comparative mythology, including Greek poetry and Hittite texts.
The Aula at Göttingen University, 3 April 2016. Institutional context for Christian Zgoll, not a portrait or identification of his office
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Original photograph
Researcher
Erik van Dongen
Researcher who examined Kumarbi–Hesiod connections in a 2010 doctoral thesis at University College London.
University College London portico, 25 March 2015. Institutional context for Erik van Dongen’s 2010 thesis; a later photograph, not a portrait or identification of his office
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Illustration
Contextual definition
Hupasiya
Inara’s human helper in the first Hittite Illuyanka account, who binds the serpent after the feast.
Modern diagram of Hupasiya’s two relationships in the first account: helping Inara and wanting to return to his wife and children. The ending is marked as damaged; no unpreserved fate or portrait is supplied
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Pseudo-Apollodorus
Name used for the author of the Bibliotheca, a Greek mythographic collection usually dated to the first or second century CE.
Title page of the Bibliothèque d’Apollodore in E. Clavier’s edition, Paris, 1805, volume I, in Greek and French. It documents a later printed edition; the title’s author attribution is traditional
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Contextual definition
Hesiod
Greek poet whose major work is generally dated to the late eighth or early seventh century BCE, including the Theogony.
Hesiod and the Muse, an 1891 oil-on-wood painting by Gustave Moreau, Musée d’Orsay RF 1961 7. A modern artistic reception of the ancient poet, not a contemporary likeness
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Original photograph
Researcher
Ola Wikander
Scholar of ancient Near Eastern texts and the Hebrew Bible at Lund University, studying Ugaritic and shared poetic imagery.
Ola Wikander at the Oslo Book Festival, 18 September 2010. Photograph by decltype; identity and date follow the photographer’s source metadata
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Original photograph
Researcher
Ian Rutherford
Specialist in Greek literature and religion at the University of Reading, studying contacts with Anatolia and Egypt.
The Whiteknights campus of the University of Reading, with the Humanities and Social Sciences building, 10 November 2007. A view of the university associated with Ian Rutherford’s work
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Original photograph
Researcher
Calvert Watkins
Scholar of Indo-European languages and ancient poetry (1933–2013), who worked at Harvard and then UCLA.
Harvard Yard in winter, 7 January 2010. Calvert Watkins worked at Harvard until his retirement in 2003; the photograph shows the campus after that date
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Original photograph
Researcher
Gary Beckman
Scholar of the Hittite language, Hittite religion and ancient Near Eastern history, associated with the University of Michigan.
Angell Hall at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 8 March 2022. Institutional context for Gary Beckman, who joined Michigan in 1992; not a portrait or identification of his office
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Original photograph
Contextual definition
Noah
Noah is the flood-story figure in Genesis and a prophet in the Qur’an
Entry of the Animals into Noah’s Ark, an etching by Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione, around 1650–1655 CE. The Met, 2012.136.525. A seventeenth-century European artistic reading of the story, with the ark visible in the background
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Muhammad, prophet of Islam
Muhammad is the prophet of Islam, living about 570–632 CE in the setting of Islam’s seventh-century emergence
The Green Dome and minarets of the Prophet’s Mosque in Medina, Saudi Arabia, on 26 November 2025. This contemporary photograph shows part of the place associated with Muhammad’s life; the visible buildings reflect later architectural phases
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Jesus Christ
Jesus Christ is Christianity’s central figure, who lived in the first century CE
Christ between two angels in a sixth-century mosaic at the Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna, Italy. He is shown seated above a blue sphere in a cosmic scene. Photograph by José Luiz, 17 September 2016
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Solomon
Solomon is the biblical king, David’s son, associated in Kings with Jerusalem and building the temple
The Judgment of Solomon, an oil painting by Nicolas Poussin from 1649, in the Louvre, INV 7277. It depicts the judgement between two women in 1 Kings 3 and illustrates the story’s reception in seventeenth-century European art
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Abi-milku
Abi-milku was a fourteenth-century BCE ruler of Tyre, known from letters to Egypt’s king
Akkadian letter from Abi-milku, ruler of Tyre, to the Egyptian king, preserved on a clay tablet from the Amarna archive. The Met dates it to about 1347–1330 BCE; object 24.2.12
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Pepi II
Pepi II was an Egyptian king of the Sixth Dynasty in the late third millennium BCE
Queen Ankhnes-meryre II with her son King Pepi II on her lap, in an Egyptian-alabaster statuette of the Sixth Dynasty, late third millennium BCE. Brooklyn Museum, 39.119. Photograph by Stephen Sandoval, February 2009
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Merenre I
Merenre I was an Egyptian king of the Sixth Dynasty in the late third millennium BCE
Egyptian-alabaster vase shaped as a mother monkey holding her young, inscribed with King Merenre I’s name. The Met dates it to about 2255–2246 BCE; object 30.8.134. The royal inscription appears on the shoulder
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Unas
Unas was the last king of Egypt’s Fifth Dynasty, in the late third millennium BCE
The remains of Unas’s pyramid at Saqqara, from the late Fifth Dynasty, around the twenty-fourth century BCE. Its interior preserves the earliest known Pyramid Texts inscribed in a royal pyramid. Photograph by Vincent Brown, 2017
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Shabaka
Shabaka was a Kushite king of Egypt’s Twenty-fifth Dynasty in the late eighth century BCE
Bronze head from a statuette identified by Turin’s Museo Egizio as King Shabaka, of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty. The museum dates the object to 722–655 BCE; inventory Cat. 1394. The image is released by the museum under CC0
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Original photograph
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Papanikri
Papanikri is the named ritual specialist associated with a Hittite ritual addressing the omen of a damaged birth stool
Part of the Great Temple ruins at Hattusha, the Hittite capital, near modern Boğazköy in Turkey. UNESCO dates the temple remains to the thirteenth century BCE. Photograph taken on 17 March 2013, providing context for the city that preserved collections of Hittite rituals
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Aqqi in Sargon’s birth story
Aqqi is the irrigator who finds the child in the river and adopts him in Sargon of Akkad’s birth story
A clay tablet from Nineveh preserving Sargon’s birth legend, in which Aqqi is the irrigator who adopts the child. A seventh-century BCE Assyrian copy, British Museum K.3401. Photograph by Marie-Lan Nguyen, 2012; the narrative is later than the king’s lifetime
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Sargon II
Sargon II was an Assyrian king of the late eighth century BCE; ORACC dates his reign about 721–705 BCE
Sargon II in a relief from Dur-Sharrukin, modern Khorsabad in Iraq, dated by the Louvre to his reign, 721–705 BCE. This source crop shows the king in the scene catalogued as AO 19873 and AO 19874
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Ashurbanipal
Ashurbanipal was an Assyrian king of the seventh century BCE, reigning about 668–631 BCE
Ashurbanipal stabs a lion in a relief from the North Palace at Nineveh, around 645–635 BCE, now in the British Museum. Attendants accompany the king in this royal hunting scene. Photograph taken on 9 March 2020
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Original photograph
Researcher
Patrick Gray
Religious studies scholar at Rhodes College, researching the New Testament, early Christianity and biblical interpretation.
Halliburton Tower on the Rhodes College campus in Memphis, Tennessee, on 24 October 2009. The photograph provides context for the institution where Patrick Gray teaches religion, early Christianity and its Greco-Roman setting
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Researcher
Ignace J. Gelb
University of Chicago Assyriologist (1907–1985), studying ancient languages, writing and personal names, including Amorite names.
Detail of the entrance and modern architectural relief at the Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures, University of Chicago, on 11 November 2023. The institute moved into this building in 1931; Ignace J. Gelb’s work was associated with the institution from 1929. The relief belongs to the twentieth-century architecture
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Original photograph
Researcher
Kathryn Slanski
Yale scholar of Mesopotamia, studying texts, images, inscribed monuments, law and authority.
Sterling Memorial Library at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, on 20 April 2026, seen from Elm and High Streets. It provides context for the university that Kathryn Slanski joined in 2004
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Original photograph
Researcher
Jack M. Sasson
Hebrew Bible and ancient Near Eastern cultures scholar, Vanderbilt professor emeritus, also specializing in Mari’s archives.
Kirkland Hall at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee, on 26 October 2023. The photograph shows part of the institution associated with Jack M. Sasson’s work in biblical studies and Assyriology
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Original photograph
Researcher
Nathan J. Chambers
Scholar of Genesis interpretation and Christian theology, studying Genesis 1 and creation from nothing.
Cosin’s Hall on Palace Green in Durham, England. The original photograph dates from July 2006; this crop was made available later by the source. The building provides context for Durham University, where Nathan J. Chambers completed his thesis in 2017
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Gordon H. Johnston
Old Testament scholar at Dallas Theological Seminary, examining biblical literature and its ancient Near Eastern contexts.
Hieroglyphic texts on the walls of Unas’s pyramid at Saqqara, from the late Fifth Dynasty, around the twenty-fourth century BCE. Photograph taken on 13 October 2017. The image provides context for ancient Egyptian texts used in scholarly comparisons of creation traditions
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Original photograph
Researcher
James P. Allen
Egyptologist and Brown professor emeritus, studying ancient Egyptian language, literature and religion, including the Pyramid Texts.
University Hall at Brown University, Rhode Island, in a photograph dated 1 April 1997. It illustrates the university that Egyptologist James P. Allen joined in 2007
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Original photograph
Researcher
Bruce Wells
Hebrew Bible and ancient Near Eastern law scholar at the University of Texas at Austin, studying legal texts and litigation.
The Main Building Tower at the University of Texas at Austin at dusk, dated 29 September 2013 in the capture metadata. The photograph provides context for the university where Bruce Wells works on Middle Eastern studies and ancient law
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David P. Wright
Hebrew Bible and ancient Near Eastern law and ritual scholar, professor emeritus at Brandeis.
Shapiro Campus Center at Brandeis University in Waltham, Massachusetts, on 7 April 2017. The photograph shows part of the institution associated with David P. Wright’s research on the Hebrew Bible and the ancient Near East
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Original photograph
Researcher
Michael A. Knibb
British scholar of early Jewish literature, Ethiopic versions and the Septuagint (1938–2023), known for work on Enoch.
The Strand Building of King’s College London on 17 April 2020. The photograph illustrates the university setting associated with Michael Knibb’s work on the Old Testament and Ethiopic literature. He joined the college in 1964 and retired in 2001
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Researcher
Thomas Römer
Scholar of Hebrew Bible history and composition, holding the Biblical Milieux chair at the Collège de France.
Thomas Römer at the Collège de France in Paris on 23 June 2023. This portrait of the Hebrew Bible scholar was cropped at the source from a group photograph taken during Jutta Urpilainen’s visit to the institution
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Original photograph
Researcher
Yitzhaq Feder
Scholar of purity, expiation and ritual in the Hebrew Bible and its ancient setting, including Hittite comparisons.
The University of Haifa on Mount Carmel and neighbouring buildings. Capture metadata dates the photograph to 13 February 2009; Haifa Municipality released it in June 2010. It shows the institution whose website records Yitzhaq Feder’s former teaching and research affiliations
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Original photograph
Researcher
Jacob Milgrom
Jewish biblical scholar (1923–2010), noted for studies of Leviticus, priestly traditions, purity and offerings.
Jacob Milgrom, the Hebrew Bible scholar known for his research on Leviticus, offerings and purity. The source record dates this portrait to 13 September 1995 and credits Dr. Jo Milgrom
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Original photograph
Researcher
Amy-Jill Levine
New Testament and Jewish studies scholar at Hartford International University, studying Jewish contexts of early Christianity.
Amy-Jill Levine speaking at the German Protestant Kirchentag gathering in Nuremberg on 8 June 2023. Her photograph accompanies the introduction to her research on the New Testament and Jewish–Christian relations
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Original photograph
Researcher
Marc Zvi Brettler
Hebrew Bible scholar and professor emeritus at Duke, studying biblical texts historically and literarily.
Perkins Library at Duke University in the United States, dated 10 November 2006 in the source record. The photograph shows part of the university setting associated with Marc Zvi Brettler’s work in Judaic and Hebrew Bible studies
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