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Ancient Levantine civilizations
Societies, texts and material culture in the ancient Levant.
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Original photograph
Ancient text
Ludlul bēl nēmeqi
Akkadian poem of a sufferer who praises Marduk after illness, lost standing and recovery; compared with Job, though its form and damaged guilt passage differ.
K.2518+DT.358 from Nineveh, a later, approximately seventh-century BCE witness to tablet II of Ludlul bēl nēmeqi, not the poem’s autograph. British Museum collection, displayed on loan at the Louvre. Photograph by Zunkir, 2020, CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons; original image used without modification
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Original photograph
Ancient text
Instruction of Amenemope
Thirty-chapter Egyptian wisdom instruction preserved on a British Museum papyrus and scribal exercises; compared with Proverbs 22:17–23:11.
Limestone ostracon bearing the opening of the Instruction of Amenemope in hieratic; evidence for copying the text in Persian-period Egypt, not its original manuscript. Metropolitan Museum of Art, 26.3.165, institutional CC0 image via Wikimedia Commons; display derivative resized and converted to WebP
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Original photograph
Ancient text
Covenant Collection
Scholarly name for laws in Exodus chapters 20–23, within the Torah, addressing service, injuries, property and worship. Their composition date is debated.
Folio 44r of the Leningrad Codex, from the early eleventh century CE. It contains Exodus 21:18–22:6, within the collection known as the Covenant Code. The date of this manuscript copy differs from the composition date of the laws it preserves
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Original photograph
Ancient text
Laws of Hammurabi
An eighteenth-century BCE Babylonian legal text in Akkadian, presenting property, family, labor and injury provisions within Hammurabi’s account of justice.
An inscribed face of Hammurabi’s stele, Louvre SB 8, eighteenth century BCE. This photograph shows cuneiform, not the upper king-and-Shamash relief. Photograph: Rama; CC BY-SA 3.0 France
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