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Zoroaster / Zarathustra

Figure to whom tradition attributes the Gathas; lifetime and location are uncertain.

Modern diagram of textual layers, not a Zoroaster portrait or Avesta manuscript. No single composition year for each layer; surviving-copy age is not an idea’s age
Modern diagram of textual layers, not a Zoroaster portrait or Avesta manuscript. No single composition year for each layer; surviving-copy age is not an idea’s ageIL Archive · original diagram · CC BYImage source

Metadata

These are descriptive fields, not conclusions.

Edition
2

Text

Ancient language supplies no birth year. Malandra describes divergent dates with some convergence around 1000 BCE and a wide margin, not a settled chronology. [1]

The image shows textual layers, not an authenticated portrait. The figure’s lifetime cannot date every doctrine in later associated books.

References and notes

  1. William W. Malandra (2009). “Zoroaster ii. General Survey.” Encyclopaedia Iranica. Date and place; broad estimates, no fixed year. Return to the text ↑

Research history

Substantive changes are retained here. Minor copy edits remain in the internal operational log.

  1. Edition 2 · 11 October 2026 · editor:aladmin

    Substantive record update

    Read this revision in its original language (Arabic)

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Cite this record

IL Archive, «Zoroaster / Zarathustra», Edition 2, https://ilarchive.com/en/people/zoroaster