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Epigraphy

A reference page linking a name, group, or concept to the materials that discuss it.

Study of inscriptions on surviving materials, including writing, context and dating.

BES19s 77.1, Firʿ Wadi al-Khudari, Mafraq, Jordan. Its reading invokes Allat and then Allah. This photograph shows stone and writing; animal and human drawings are not identified as depictions of these deities. Original preserved without cropping or alteration
BES19s 77.1, Firʿ Wadi al-Khudari, Mafraq, Jordan. Its reading invokes Allat and then Allah. This photograph shows stone and writing; animal and human drawings are not identified as depictions of these deities. Original preserved without cropping or alterationImage © Ahmad Al-Jallad; OCIANA, BES19s 77.1 · CC BYImage source

Text

The review separates signs on stone, specialist reading, translation and religious inference. OCIANAOCIANADigital corpus of Ancient North Arabian inscriptions, with texts, images and commentary.Glossary · Click to read the explanation presents these layers with commentary and images; consulting them digitally is not physical inspection. [1]

The photograph is a real inscription, not a divine portrait. A name in a prayer or personal name cannot reconstruct its author’s entire creed. [2]

References and notes

  1. OCIANA. “About This Project.” The Ohio State University. Corpus provides readings, translations, commentary, context and images; digital consultation, not physical stone inspection. Return to the text ↑
  2. Ahmad Al-Jallad / OCIANA. “BES19s 77.1.” Updated 25 June 2026. Firʿ Wadi al-Khudari, Jordan: Allat then Lh; drought explanation is commentary, and ʿbdt does not identify which Obodas here. Original image © Al-Jallad, CC BY as stated, no version number supplied. Return to the text ↑

Research history

Substantive changes are retained here. Minor copy edits remain in the internal operational log.

  1. Edition 2 · 11 October 2026 · editor:aladmin

    Substantive record update

    Read this revision in its original language (Arabic)

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Cite this record

IL Archive, «Epigraphy», Edition 2, https://ilarchive.com/en/entities/epigraphy