Category موضوعي
Texts and their transmission
Inscriptions, manuscripts, editions, translations and the transmission of texts.
Advanced search →Artifact 10 Entity 180 Period 1 Person 99 Site 28 Study 79 Ancient text 17
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Dating texts
Distinguishing narrated time, composition and surviving copy.
The protagonist does not date the story; the copy does not identify its first formulation
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Parallelomania
Exaggerating parallels into insufficiently supported dependence.
A working tool for this study, not an automatic test or universally weighted checklist
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Independent development
Similar elements arising without historical transmission between them.
Alternatives can overlap; this diagram does not document a particular narrative’s route
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Shared tradition
Inherited material reaching several texts without direct dependence between them.
Structural continuity proves neither a copied Ugaritic tablet nor a deity-to-angel identity
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Literary dependence
A relationship explaining a text’s composition through another text.
Relationship, source, direction and route can have different levels of support
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Literary borrowing
Use of material from an earlier text or tradition in a new work.
Alternatives can overlap; this diagram does not document a particular narrative’s route
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Bi-lā kayf
Affirming attribute language without specifying modality or creaturely likeness.
Different interpretive patterns, not a fixed one-method-per-school table
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Kalām
Islamic traditions of doctrinal reasoning with diverse approaches to attributes and transcendence.
Different interpretive patterns, not a fixed one-method-per-school table
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Christian incarnation
The Word becoming flesh; distinct from every divine body or sensible manifestation.
Positions in specific texts, not a consensus of early or later Christianity; no portraits depicted
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Negative theology
Speaking of God through negating limitations while resisting comprehension of essence.
Different methods may coexist; they cannot all be reduced to one metaphor or delegation
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Divine anthropomorphism
Human bodily or emotional descriptions of God; not alone proof of corporeal essence.
Analyzing a phrase differs from reconstructing divine corporeality; words provide different kinds of evidence
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Divine simplicity
Metaphysical noncomposition, not simply belief in one God.
Three distinct axes, not one historical transition or a doctrine shared by every school
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Divine incorporeality
Denial of a material divine body; distinct from image prohibition and simplicity.
Three distinct axes, not one historical transition or a doctrine shared by every school
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Neoplatonism
Modern label for later Platonic traditions associated with Plotinus, centuries after Philo.
Modern simplification of some Plotinian dependencies, not a spatial map or Christian Trinity. This third-century CE school postdates Philo
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Divine immutability
Inquiry into divine change, distinguished from fidelity and impassibility.
Modern conceptual distinction; connecting the levels requires argument, and terminology alone does not deny love or providence
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Allegorical exegesis
Reading narrative elements for further meanings; not inherently abolition of literal practice.
Modern diagram of Philo’s approach, not a rule for every Jewish reader. Migration of Abraham rejects neglecting laws because of symbolic interpretation. [11][12]
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Unmoved mover
Aristotelian principle explaining eternal motion without its own transition from potentiality to actuality.
Modern comparison of explanatory principles, not three names for the same god. Plato’s ordering does not establish creation from nothing; Aristotle’s mover is not automatically the biblical God. [6][7][13]
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Demiurge
Maker or organizer of the world in the Timaeus; not automatically a creator from nothing.
Modern comparison of explanatory principles, not three names for the same god. Plato’s ordering does not establish creation from nothing; Aristotle’s mover is not automatically the biblical God. [6][7][13]
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Hanif
Quranic description of Abraham linked to submission and rejection of association.
Modern summary of passages about heavenly beings and Abraham, not depictions or an independent Abrahamic biography. Roles and surviving names do not establish a particular ancient god’s conversion into an angel. [9][10][11][27][23]
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Intercession
Mediation subject in the cited Quranic texts to permission and approval, not divine independence.
Modern comparison of intermediary arguments with the permission condition. Neither denial of all intercession nor a complete history of interpretation. [18][19][25][9]
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Rabb
Title of lordship, ownership or care by context; applied to God in Lord of worlds.
Word functions in Quranic witnesses, not an etymological tree or four gods. Modern explanatory diagram; Allah’s possible derivation is a separate issue. [15][16][17][25]
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Raḥmānān
Divine designation rḥmnn in late Sabaic inscriptions before Islam.
Modern diagram of the Raḥmānān designation and settings, based on the passages read from Kjær. Not an inscription image or claim of uniform belief
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Al-Raḥmān
Quranic divine designation co-referring with Allah.
Word functions in Quranic witnesses, not an etymological tree or four gods. Modern explanatory diagram; Allah’s possible derivation is a separate issue. [15][16][17][25]
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Textual criticism
Comparing witnesses to explain variation and infer earlier readings or editions, distinguishing preserved from reconstructed text.
Modern textual-criticism method, not a proven historical genealogy. An inferred reading is not material evidence; copy age alone does not determine the best reading
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Hebrew Vorlage
Hebrew text underlying a translation; may survive partly or be inferred, so reconstruction is not a discovered copy.
Modern diagram distinguishing preserved text from inferred Hebrew translation source. Agreement in Jeremiah does not establish a whole scroll identical to all Greek readings
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Textual harmonization
Aligning parallel passages through additions or changes; may be deliberate editing, not proof of a copyist’s identity.
Modern comparison of harmonization in 4QDeutⁿ, following VanderKam p.20. Does not reproduce the fragment or equate this witness with every Samaritan reading
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Proto-Masoretic text
Ancient witness close to later Masoretic consonants, without necessarily its vowels, accents and notes.
Modern diagram distinguishing textual layers. Ancient consonantal agreement does not mean identical letters or Masoretic pointing at Qumran. Not a facsimile or complete timeline
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Demonology
Study or organization of harmful powers, names, origins and roles within specific traditions; no single doctrine or claim about existence beyond the text is assumed.
Modern functional comparison of different witnesses, not a fixed chronology or historical portrait. A council role alone does not date Job
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Asael / Azazel
Name forms in Enochic tradition associated with corrupting teaching and punishment; witness variation cautions against one fixed form and identity everywhere.
Modern comparison of Enoch 8/10, Jubilees 10 and 1QM 13. Not one figure’s transformation. Jubilees 10:11 uses Satan in Mastema’s context; local overlap is not denied
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Belial
Figure associated with darkness and wickedness in some Qumran texts; not a fixed alias for every heavenly adversary.
Modern comparison of Enoch 8/10, Jubilees 10 and 1QM 13. Not one figure’s transformation. Jubilees 10:11 uses Satan in Mastema’s context; local overlap is not denied
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Mastema
Leader of harmful spirits in Jubilees; requests some spirits and proposes Abraham’s test, subject to divine limits.
Modern comparison of Enoch 8/10, Jubilees 10 and 1QM 13. Not one figure’s transformation. Jubilees 10:11 uses Satan in Mastema’s context; local overlap is not denied
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Seraphim
Six-winged beings in Isaiah 6’s throne vision, associated with praise and purification; not automatically identical to cherubim or every angel.
Modern paraphrase of Genesis 3/32, Exodus 25 and Isaiah 6. Not a historical depiction of the beings or a fixed taxonomy for all Judaism
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Cherubim
Beings or figures with guarding and sacred functions in Hebrew texts, at the tree-of-life access and on the ark; not equivalent to every heavenly messenger.
Modern paraphrase of Genesis 3/32, Exodus 25 and Isaiah 6. Not a historical depiction of the beings or a fixed taxonomy for all Judaism
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Watchers
Designation for heavenly beings in Daniel and Enochic literature, covering an obedient holy watcher or a rebellious group according to context.
Modern comparison of Daniel 4 and 1 Enoch 6–15: a watcher is not necessarily fallen, and giant spirits are not simply watchers renamed. Row order does not date composition
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Angelology
Study and organization of angels and heavenly beings: names, ranks and roles within particular traditions, without assuming one fixed system.
Modern analytical diagram separating structure, role and identity. Comparative questions, not an archaeological chain proving a god became an angel
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Second Isaiah
Scholarly label for Isaiah 40–55, substantially linked to exile and Cyrus; not proof of one author or one year for every verse.
Modern editorial paraphrase of three Isaiah passages, not a manuscript or full translation. Wording is attested; historical meaning and layered dating remain research questions
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Babylonian exile
Judean deportations to Babylonia and the kingdom’s collapse in the early sixth century BCE; several phases, not everyone removed or returned at once.
Modern diagram of political reference points. It does not date monotheism’s birth or imply everyone’s simultaneous deportation/return
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Henotheism
Privileging one god while acknowledging others in the working definition used here; not automatically monotheism or a fixed social phase.
Modern comparison of working definitions. Terms overlap and vary across scholars; arrangement does not date three successive stages for everyone
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Monolatry
Worship of one deity without necessarily denying others; variable analytical term, not one uniform doctrine of all Israelites.
Modern comparison of working definitions. Terms overlap and vary across scholars; arrangement does not date three successive stages for everyone
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Dagan
Deity known in Syria and Mesopotamia, attested in Ugaritic lists, offerings and names; Baal is called his son. Temple attribution remains debated.
Modern comparison of Ugaritic evidence for Dagan; not a divine likeness or a settled identification of the temple
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